{"id":5369,"date":"2021-03-31T11:21:36","date_gmt":"2021-03-31T08:21:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tod-com.com\/?p=5369"},"modified":"2026-03-06T14:14:18","modified_gmt":"2026-03-06T11:14:18","slug":"%d0%b5%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%80%d0%b8%d1%87%d0%b5%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b8-%d1%82%d0%be%d0%ba","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tod-com.com\/en\/2021\/03\/31\/%d0%b5%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%80%d0%b8%d1%87%d0%b5%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b8-%d1%82%d0%be%d0%ba\/","title":{"rendered":"Electric current"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>\u0415\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043a<\/b>, \u043d\u0430\u0439-\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e<span>\u00a0<\/span><b>\u0442\u043e\u043a<\/b>, \u0435<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0\" title=\"\u0424\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u0430\">\u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%AF%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5\" title=\"\u042f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\">\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/a>, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0449\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4\" title=\"\u0415\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\">\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0438<\/a>, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u044a\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5\" title=\"\u0415\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\">\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435<\/a>. \u0412<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA\" title=\"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\">\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0438 \u0441\u0430<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD\" title=\"\u0415\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\">\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438<\/a>, \u0432<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82\" title=\"\u0415\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\">\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438<\/a>\u00a0\u2013<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD\" title=\"\u0419\u043e\u043d\">\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0438<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>(<a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD\" title=\"\u041a\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043e\u043d\">\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0438<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD\" title=\"\u0410\u043d\u0438\u043e\u043d\">\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438<\/a>), \u0430 \u0432<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0\" title=\"\u041f\u043b\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0430\">\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0430<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 \u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430. \u0412<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA\" title=\"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\">\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0438.<\/p>\n<p>\u041d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043a \u0441\u0430<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9C%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\" title=\"\u041c\u044a\u043b\u043d\u0438\u044f\">\u043c\u044a\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0438\u0442\u0435<\/a>,<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80\" title=\"\u0421\u043b\u044a\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0432\u044f\u0442\u044a\u0440\">\u0441\u043b\u044a\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0432\u044f\u0442\u044a\u0440<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0438<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5\" title=\"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\">\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0415\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043a \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e \u0432<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82\" title=\"\u0411\u0438\u0442\">\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430<\/a>, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0432<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82\" title=\"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\">\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0442\u0430<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\".D0.A2.D0.BE.D0.BA.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B8_.D0.B2_.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B7.D0.BB.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B8\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"\u0422\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438_\u0432_\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438_\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\">\u0422\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0415\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0442 \u043e\u0449\u0435<span>\u00a0<\/span><i>\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0415\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0430\u0442<span>\u00a0<\/span><i>\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438<\/i>\u00a0\u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0439-\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\u041c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\">\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435,<span>\u00a0<\/span><i>\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0438<\/i><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0432 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7\" title=\"\u0413\u0430\u0437\">\u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435<\/a>, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0438<span>\u00a0<\/span><i><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B8_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\u0414\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0438 (\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u044f)\">\u0434\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0438<\/a><\/i><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0432 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438. \u0422\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438 \u0441\u0435 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\">\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0442\u0430<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>(\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e \u0441\u044a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0449\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435).<\/p>\n<p>\u0422\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0430<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD\" title=\"\u0419\u043e\u043d\">\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0438<\/a>. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\u041c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0438\">\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u043d\u0430<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB\" title=\"\u0421\u043e\u043b\">\u0441\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0438<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0\" title=\"\u041a\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430\">\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0432\u044a\u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u0439\u043e\u043d\u0438 (<a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\u0414\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\">\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/a>). \u0422\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u0439\u043e\u043d\u0438.<\/p>\n<p>\u0422\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0442.\u043d\u0430\u0440. \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a (\u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438). \u0412 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0435 \u0432\u044a\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0441 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0442\u0438\u043f, \u0441\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0432<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA\" title=\"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\">\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0441 \u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0441 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0441\u00a0\u2013 \u0434\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435. \u041f\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e, \u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u044a\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430. \u0422\u0435 \u0441\u0430 \u0432\u044a\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435, \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0443\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u044a\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u043f\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0432<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0\" title=\"\u041a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430\">\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0441.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\".D0.93.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BC.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B8_.D0.BF.D0.BB.D1.8A.D1.82.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D1.82.D0.BE.D0.BA.D0.B0\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"\u0413\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430_\u0438_\u043f\u043b\u044a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442_\u043d\u0430_\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430\">\u0413\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u044a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430<\/span><\/h2>\n<dl>\n<dd>\n<div class=\"dablink noprint\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ec\/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg\/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"17\" height=\"17\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ec\/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg\/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ec\/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg\/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"128\" data-file-height=\"128\" \/>\u00a0<i>\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f:<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0\" title=\"\u041f\u043b\u044a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430\">\u041f\u043b\u044a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430<\/a><\/i><\/div>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Ohm%27s_Law_with_Voltage_source_TeX.svg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b4\/Ohm%27s_Law_with_Voltage_source_TeX.svg\/260px-Ohm%27s_Law_with_Voltage_source_TeX.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"170\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b4\/Ohm%27s_Law_with_Voltage_source_TeX.svg\/390px-Ohm%27s_Law_with_Voltage_source_TeX.svg.png 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b4\/Ohm%27s_Law_with_Voltage_source_TeX.svg\/520px-Ohm%27s_Law_with_Voltage_source_TeX.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"302\" data-file-height=\"198\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<p>\u0421\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043a\u044a\u0442 \u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0441\u044a\u0441 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0430<span>\u00a0<\/span><i>i<\/i>. \u0412\u0440\u044a\u0437\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e (<i>v<\/i>), \u0441\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e (<i>R<\/i>) \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 (<i>i<\/i>) \u0435<span>\u00a0<\/span><i>v<\/i><span>\u00a0<\/span>=<span>\u00a0<\/span><i>i<\/i><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u00b7<span>\u00a0<\/span><i>R<\/i><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0438 \u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u041e\u043c<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0\" title=\"\u0424\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\">\u0424\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/a>, \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043a, \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430. \u0413\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438 \u0441<span>\u00a0<\/span><i><b>I<\/b><\/i><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0438 \u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0437\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA\" title=\"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\">\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/a>:<sup id=\"cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA#cite_note-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" alttext=\"{\\displaystyle I={dQ \\over dt}}\"><semantics><mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\"><mstyle displaystyle=\"true\" scriptlevel=\"0\"><mi><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/2423f8310c8d9a261b4419dae5ed064f4a66a9dd\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" alt=\"{\\displaystyle I={dQ \\over dt}}\" style=\"font-family: Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\" \/><\/mi><\/mstyle><\/mrow><\/semantics><\/math><\/p>\n<p>\u0412<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\">\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SI\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"SI\">SI<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043a\u044a\u0442 \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430 \u0432<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80\" title=\"\u0410\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\">\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80\" title=\"\u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435-\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u0410\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\">\u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435-\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u0410\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440<\/a>. \u0422\u043e\u043a\u044a\u0442 \u0435 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0430\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD\" title=\"\u041a\u0443\u043b\u043e\u043d\">\u043a\u0443\u043b\u043e\u043d<\/a>. \u041f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u201e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430\u201c \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044a\u0442 \u201e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430\u201c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u201e\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0436\u201c, \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u201e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0442\u0430\u0436\u201c \u0437\u0430<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5\" title=\"\u0415\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\">\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u043e<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%BC\" title=\"\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u041e\u043c\">\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u041e\u043c<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430<span>\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" alt=\"{\\displaystyle I}\" \/><\/span><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<span>\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" alt=\"U\" \/><\/span><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5\" title=\"\u0415\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e \u0441\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\">\u0441\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u043d\u0430<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA\" title=\"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\">\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" alt=\"{\\displaystyle R}\" \/><\/span>:<\/p>\n<dl>\n<dd><math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" alttext=\"{\\displaystyle I={\\frac {U}{R}}}\"><semantics><mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\"><mstyle displaystyle=\"true\" scriptlevel=\"0\"><mi><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/b8ec08feef66fbb8a9e336f9e986a5f9293e367d\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" alt=\"{\\displaystyle I={\\frac {U}{R}}}\" style=\"font-family: Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\" \/><\/mi><\/mstyle><\/mrow><\/semantics><\/math><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<p>\u041c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043a \u0441\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0441 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430:<\/p>\n<dl>\n<dd><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/a4a62c78012b72092aad048bb55b2032e8d65210\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" alt=\"{\\displaystyle P=IU=I^{2}R={\\frac {U^{2}}{R}}}\" \/><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0\" title=\"\u041f\u043b\u044a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430\">\u041f\u043b\u044a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0435<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80\" title=\"\u0412\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\">\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0430<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u044a\u0441 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0430:<\/p>\n<dl>\n<dd><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/738daa0ad20b22badaa42701e675eb78802fabc2\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" alt=\"{\\displaystyle {\\vec {j}}=\\sigma {\\vec {E}}}\" \/>,<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<p>\u043a\u044a\u0434\u0435\u0442\u043e<span>\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/8ce1ed1de8493f7cc7d856ca5427cf311b1597f1\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" alt=\"{\\displaystyle {\\vec {j}}}\" \/><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u044a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430,<span>\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/2bc18ae485a72f148e85ccbeff2b3dcdd4f5f3f7\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" alt=\"{\\displaystyle {\\vec {E}}}\" \/>\u00a0\u2013 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0438<span>\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" alttext=\"{\\displaystyle \\ \\sigma }\"><semantics><mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\"><mstyle displaystyle=\"true\" scriptlevel=\"0\"><mtext>\u00a0<\/mtext><mi><\/mi><\/mstyle><\/mrow><\/semantics><\/math><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/8d4ebf618b2ab59428af1b3f2e8e251c78d2f57a\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" alt=\"{\\displaystyle \\ \\sigma }\" \/>\u00a0\u2013<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82\" title=\"\u0415\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\">\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430. \u0412<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SI\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"SI\">SI<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u043f\u043b\u044a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0430\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043d \u043c\u0435\u0442\u044a\u0440 (A\/m\u00b2).<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\".D0.98.D0.B7.D0.BC.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B5_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.B5.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8.D1.8F_.D1.82.D0.BE.D0.BA\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"\u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435_\u043d\u0430_\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f_\u0442\u043e\u043a\">\u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043a<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0413\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043a\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043a\u043e (\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u041f\u0440\u044f\u043a\u043e \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80\" title=\"\u0413\u0430\u043b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044a\u0440\">\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044a\u0440<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>(\u0438\u043b\u0438<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80\" title=\"\u0410\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044a\u0440\">\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044a\u0440<\/a>), \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0441\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/li>\n<li>\u041a\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e (\u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043a\u044a\u0441\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0430) \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 (\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435) \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u044a\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5\" title=\"\u041c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\">\u043c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435<\/a>. \u0423\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u043d \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434, \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80\" title=\"\u0421\u0435\u043d\u0437\u043e\u0440\">\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0438<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>(\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u0446\u0438) \u0441 \u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0425\u043e\u043b,<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80\" title=\"\u0422\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\">\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438<\/a>, \u0430\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440-\u043a\u043b\u0435\u0449\u0438, \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u0438<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8\" title=\"\u041f\u043e\u044f\u0441 \u043d\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\">\u0431\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\".D0.9F.D0.BE.D1.81.D0.BE.D0.BA.D0.B0_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.B5.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8.D1.8F_.D1.82.D0.BE.D0.BA\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430_\u043d\u0430_\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f_\u0442\u043e\u043a\">\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043a<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Direzione_convenzionale_della_corrente_elettrica.svg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Direzione_convenzionale_della_corrente_elettrica.svg\/220px-Direzione_convenzionale_della_corrente_elettrica.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"87\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Direzione_convenzionale_della_corrente_elettrica.svg\/330px-Direzione_convenzionale_della_corrente_elettrica.svg.png 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Direzione_convenzionale_della_corrente_elettrica.svg\/440px-Direzione_convenzionale_della_corrente_elettrica.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"677\" data-file-height=\"269\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043a<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u041d\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u044a\u0449\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043a, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430. \u0422\u044a\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u044a\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u043e, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438 (\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435) \u0435 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430 \u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434.<\/p>\n<p>\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438. \u0412 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043a\u044a\u0434\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043a \u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0438.<sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA#cite_note-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Current_notation_bg.svg\" class=\"image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\u043f\u041f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c8\/Current_notation_bg.svg\/220px-Current_notation_bg.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"164\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c8\/Current_notation_bg.svg\/330px-Current_notation_bg.svg.png 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c8\/Current_notation_bg.svg\/440px-Current_notation_bg.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"512\" data-file-height=\"382\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\">\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430. \u041e\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430, \u0447\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0442 \u043a\u044a\u043c \u0437\u0435\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0440.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Current_notation_bg.svg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"\u0423\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\"><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\".D0.A1.D0.BA.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.B5.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8.D1.8F_.D1.82.D0.BE.D0.BA\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"\u0421\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442_\u043d\u0430_\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f_\u0442\u043e\u043a\">\u0421\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043a<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0422\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u044a\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435.<\/p>\n<p>\u0421\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043a \u0441\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0439\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0430, \u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0442.\u043d\u0430\u0440.<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" class=\"new\" title=\"\u0414\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 (\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u044a\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430)\">\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435.<span>\u00a0<\/span><sup id=\"cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA#cite_note-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA#cite_note-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u041d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0439\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043a, \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u0445\u0430\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430.<sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA#cite_note-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0421 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0442\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0422\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u044a\u0449\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438.<\/p>\n<p>\u0414\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u0437\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u0432\u044a\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0447\u0435 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5\" title=\"\u0415\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043b\u044a\u0447\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\">\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044a\u043b\u043d\u0430<\/a>, \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441 300 000 km\/s.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\".D0.92.D0.B8.D0.B4.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B5_.D1.82.D0.BE.D0.BA\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"\u0412\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435_\u0442\u043e\u043a\">\u0412\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043a<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA\" title=\"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0442\u043e\u043a\">\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0442\u043e\u043a<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>(\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043d \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u201e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u201c): \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0435 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043a, \u043a\u043e\u0439\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0438 \u0432\u044a\u0432 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e. \u0418\u0437\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0442\u043e\u043a \u0441\u0430<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F\" title=\"\u0411\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f\">\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438<\/a>,<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F\" title=\"\u0421\u043b\u044a\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f\">\u0441\u043b\u044a\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438<\/a>,<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE\" title=\"\u0414\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u043e\">\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u043e<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0442\u043e\u043a. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0442\u043e\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0438 (\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438), \u043d\u043e \u0441\u044a\u0449\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u044a\u0432<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC\" title=\"\u0412\u0430\u043a\u0443\u0443\u043c\">\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0443\u0443\u043c<\/a>. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043a \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043c. \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0442\u043e\u043a \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9\" title=\"\u0410\u043b\u0443\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0439\">\u0430\u043b\u0443\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0439<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0438.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA\" title=\"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043b\u0438\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043a\">\u041f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043b\u0438\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043a<\/a>: \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0435 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043a, \u043a\u043e\u0439\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044a\u0432 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430.<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0\" title=\"\u0427\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430\">\u0427\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430 \u0432<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86\" title=\"\u0425\u0435\u0440\u0446\">\u0445\u0435\u0440\u0446\u043e\u0432\u0435<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>(Hz). \u0412 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043a \u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0444\u0430\u0437\u0435\u043d \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0430\u0437\u0435\u043d. \u0415\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0444\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0430. \u0417\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0441\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0437\u0435\u043c\u044f\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u044a\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a.<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0\" title=\"\u0422\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\">\u0422\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442\u00a0\u0442\u043e\u043a<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0442\u0430, \u0442\u044a\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0435 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d \u0437\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB\" title=\"\u0410\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0445\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\">\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0445\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438<\/a>. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043a \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0438(<a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0\" title=\"\u0421\u0438\u043d\u0445\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430\">\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0445\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438<\/a>), \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u044a\u0449\u0430\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044a\u0440\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u0430<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F\" title=\"\u0415\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\">\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/a>. \u041f\u0440\u0438<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F\" title=\"\u0412\u044a\u0437\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f\">\u0412\u0415\u0418<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438. \u041a\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043a, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442, \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F\" title=\"\u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\">\u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\".D0.95.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.B5.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8_.D1.82.D0.BE.D0.BA_.D0.B2_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B4.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B0\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"\u0415\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438_\u0442\u043e\u043a_\u0432_\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430\">\u0415\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043a \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0410\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u044a\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0440\u044f. \u0421 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043a \u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\">\u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0438 \u043f\u043e-\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%BC\" title=\"\u041e\u0433\u044a\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0415\u043b\u043c\">\u041e\u0433\u044a\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0415\u043b\u043c<\/a>\u201c<\/li>\n<li>\u0413\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0432 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F\" title=\"\u0413\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0440\u044f\">\u0433\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0440\u0438<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u043f\u0440\u0438<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5\" title=\"\u0421\u043b\u044a\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0432\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\">\u0438\u0437\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u044a\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0442\u043e<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>(\u0434\u043e \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043d \u0430\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043c\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438).<\/li>\n<li>\u0411\u0438\u043e\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043a\u043e\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u0440\u0438\u0431\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82\" title=\"\u0415\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\">\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0438 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u043c\u0438\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u043a \u043e\u0442 1 \u0434\u043e 50 A<\/li>\n<li>\u0411\u0438\u043e\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD\" title=\"\u041d\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043d\">\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0443\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u043a\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u044a\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 pA \u0434\u043e nA (\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0438<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F\" title=\"\u0415\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f\">\u0415\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\".D0.92.D1.8A.D0.B7.D0.B4.D0.B5.D0.B9.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B2.D0.B8.D0.B5_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D1.82.D0.BE.D0.BA.D0.B0\"><\/span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"\u0412\u044a\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435_\u043d\u0430_\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430\">\u0412\u044a\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043a \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430. \u0422\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u044a\u043f\u044a\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>\u0422\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430<\/i>\u00a0\u2013 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0435\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0442, \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u044a\u0449\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB_%E2%80%93_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86\" title=\"\u0415\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0414\u0436\u0430\u0443\u043b \u2013 \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0446\">\u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0414\u0436\u0430\u0443\u043b \u2013 \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0446<\/a>. \u0422\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043a \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0\" title=\"\u0424\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\">\u0444\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430<\/a>,<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\u041a\u043e\u0442\u043b\u043e\u043d\">\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0430<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0438\u043b\u0438<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80\" title=\"\u0411\u043e\u0439\u043b\u0435\u0440\">\u0431\u043e\u0439\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0430<\/a>. \u0412\u0441\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0441\u044a\u0441 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0433\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449), \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u0437\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0430 \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0442.<\/li>\n<li><i>\u0421\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430<\/i>\u00a0\u2013 \u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0430. \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u044f\u0432\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043e \u0442\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u044a\u0447\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u044a\u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u044a\u0449\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u044a\u0449\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u044a\u0449\u0430\u0442 \u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0430<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4\" title=\"\u0421\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0434\">\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><i>\u041c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430<\/i>\u00a0\u2013 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0432 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a, \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u044a\u0449\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e. \u0415\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F\" title=\"\u041c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f\">\u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f<\/a>. \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0435 \u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA\" title=\"\u0417\u0432\u0443\u043a\">\u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u0430<\/a>. \u041d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0430<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB\" title=\"\u0412\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\">\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438<\/a>, \u0430\u043b\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0438, \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0432\u044a\u043d\u0435\u0446 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438.<\/li>\n<li><i>\u041c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430<\/i>\u00a0\u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0439-\u043e\u0431\u0449\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043a \u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0441\u044a\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5\" title=\"\u041c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\">\u043c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435<\/a>. \u0421\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0432\u0430 \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 (\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u044a\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a). \u041c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0435 \u0442\u044f\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0441 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e.<\/li>\n<li><i>\u0425\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430<\/i>\u00a0\u2013 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0435 \u0432\u044a\u0432 \u0432\u0441\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438.<\/li>\n<li><i>\u0424\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430<\/i>\u00a0\u2013 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044a\u0440\u0445\u0443 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0438 \u0441\u044a\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0435 \u0442\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e. \u0422\u043e\u043a\u044a\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u044f\u0433\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0435,<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5\" title=\"\u0421\u044a\u0440\u0446\u0435\">\u0441\u044a\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0442\u043e<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430. \u041c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u044a\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0438<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82\" title=\"\u0421\u043c\u044a\u0440\u0442\">\u0441\u043c\u044a\u0440\u0442<\/a>. \u041f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044a\u043b\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430. \u0413\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u044a\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 10\u00a0\u2013 20 mA \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0447\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0418\u0437\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/\">https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0415\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043a, \u043d\u0430\u0439-\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u00a0\u0442\u043e\u043a, \u0435\u00a0\u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u00a0\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0449\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u00a0\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u044a\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u00a0\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435. \u0412\u00a0\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u00a0\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u00a0\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438, \u0432\u00a0\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u00a0\u2013\u00a0\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0438\u00a0(\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u00a0\u0438\u00a0\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438), \u0430 \u0432\u00a0\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0430\u00a0\u2013 \u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430. \u0412\u00a0\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435\u00a0\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0438. \u041d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043a \u0441\u0430\u00a0\u043c\u044a\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0438\u0442\u0435,\u00a0\u0441\u043b\u044a\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0432\u044f\u0442\u044a\u0440\u00a0\u0438\u00a0\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043a \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e \u0432\u00a0\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0438 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